Mining Camps

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Olympic swimming champion Ariarne Titmus’ ‘scary’ health dramaAussie Olympic champ Titmus opens up on ‘scary’ health drama The PEA was prepared by BBA Inc. (“BBA”) with several consulting firms contributing to sections of the study. BBA Inc., the leading consulting firm for this study, recently completed the refurbishment of Eldorado Gold’s Sigma mill that included upgrading most of the existing mechanical equipment and preparing a detailed commissioning strategy. Consulting Firms The 1842 Act was considered “the first and one of the most extensively documented pieces of discriminatory labour legislation”, Footnote 41 and the first time that “authorities limited the exploitation of a class of workers on the basis of gender, a distinction which has characterized protective labour legislation ever since”. Footnote 42 In France, the Law of 1874 prohibited underground work for girls and women. Footnote 43 Communities faced social, economic and environmental impacts from the rapid growth of CSG development, which were perceived to have direct and indirect effects on individual lifestyle factors such as alcohol and drug abuse, family relationships, social capital and mental health; and community-level factors including social connectedness, civic engagement and trust. Conclusions

A report published last year noted that the thousands of prospectors included refugees from Darfur. But competition is fierce and last year dozens of people died in violent clashes between miners. Others struggle to make enough to survive. Brashier KFM, McLaughlin D, Jacquet J, Stedman R, Kelsey T, Goetz S. Residents’ perceptions of community and environmental impacts from development of natural gas in the Marcellus Shale: a comparison of Pennsylvania and New York case. Journal of Rural Social Sciences. 2011;26(1):32–61.Franks DM, Brereton D, Moran CJ. Managing the cumulative impacts of coal mining on regional communities and environments in Australia. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 2010;28(4):299–312. Doré Copper Mining Corp. aims to be the next copper producer in Québec with an initial production target of +50 Mlbs of copper equivalent annually by implementing a hub-and spoke operation model with multiple high-grade copper-gold assets feeding its centralized Copper Rand mill. The Corporation has delivered its PEA in May 2022 and plans to commence a feasibility study and submit permit applications by mid-year. Dhiraj Kumar Nite underlined how a number of welfare schemes relating to housing or schools were started, but with a complete absence of concern for how to ensure sufficient income for the breadwinner and the consequences of women being phased out of the underground mines. The author argues that in India forty-two per cent of the total underground workforce was evicted; this translates into a reduction in household earnings of forty per cent. Footnote 72 Recent studies have stressed how, instead of human considerations, the reforms were influenced by the transformation of the industry, including technological change. Footnote 73

The communities were concerned that working conditions, particularly for young males, led to anti-social behaviour in the community and excessive drug and alcohol abuse. These risky lifestyle behaviours can have significant impacts on mental health and long-term chronic diseases like lung cancer and liver disease. The working conditions of mine employees and potential for risky lifestyle beahviours is often referred to as a socio-economic product of the ‘boom town effect’ [ 12, 27]. There has been little research on the implications of CSG development on women but communities in this study were concerned for the impact of working conditions on families and the effects of social isolation on women. There was an identified need for improved social services to support women in these situations. Social capital and community networks Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. Therefore, investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource could ever be mined economically. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of “measured mineral resources,” “indicated mineral resources,” or “inferred mineral resources” will ever be upgraded to a higher category. The mineral resource estimates contained herein may be subject to legal, political, environmental or other risks that could materially affect the potential development of such mineral resources. Refer to the Technical Report, once filed, for more information with respect to the key assumptions, parameters, methods and risks of determination associated with the foregoing.World Health Organization. Measurement of and target-setting for well-being: an initiative by the WHO regional Office for Europe. Geneva: WHO; 2012. The important reproductive tasks of miners’ wives and daughters in the mining family are closely related to the mechanization and rationalization of mining work, now performed exclusively by men, as their strenuous efforts, in day and night shifts, were possible only with a caring homemaker. There seems to have been a correlation between the mechanization and rationalization of the mining process with the removal of women because of the replacement of family teams, the intensification of mine work owing to technological change, and the relegation of women to housewives and homemakers. Footnote 125 In their article on “Female Workers in the Spanish Mines, 1860–1940”, Miguel Á. Pérez de Perceval Verde, Ángel Pascual Martínez Soto, and José Joaquín García Gómez study the direct employment of women in the mines in the golden age of this industry in Spain. The authors show clearly that the mining regulations at the end of the nineteenth century prohibiting the employment of women in underground mining in Spain legalized the prevailing situation. Women were therefore concentrated mainly in surface work, with important differences: they accounted for around five per cent of the total surface workforce, although in some exceptional cases, as in the manganese mines, women comprised thirty-three to fifty per cent in the Huelva region between 1902 and 1934 and twenty per cent in the Asturias mines, dropping to ten per cent in 1931–1934. This study shows also the enormous gender wage gap (they earned just forty per cent of the average wage of men who worked on the surface), which widened after 1920. The removal of women from the mines was considered an improvement for the working class, and the trade unions supported this policy. Although women participated actively in the most important mining conflicts, the reports did not mention any female “voice”. The other thing some of the local ones, I won’t say all of them because I know they all don’t do it but some of the local ones who have scored jobs in the industry have been on outrageous wages and what are they doing with those wages, I only have to go I won’t tell you where I have to go to buy cocaine and methamphetamine and whatever, but it is so easy to get and these people have a disposable income and they’re young they’ve got no common sense that they’re not old enough to have that yet.” Community member, region 2 Stephens C, Ahern, M. Worker and community health impacts related to mining operations internationally: A rapid review of the literature. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Report. 2002.

Growth of CSG development has been rapid, in that approximately 1634 wells have been drilled between 2013 and 2014 alone, and reserves were being discovered at an unprecedented rate. Regional Queensland represents more than 90% of the total gas produced in the state [ 11]. CSG extraction often occurs on active farms and grazing properties, involving direct interaction with farmers and local community members, and there is some evidence that CSG development can bring about stress and anxiety [ 1]. There is also a huge demand for labour in the early stages of CSG development; these roles cannot be completely filled locally and thus large workforces often temporarily reside in ‘host communities’. Population influx and influence on community structure can impact social capital through reduced social bonds and networks and there is concern for increased risky lifestyle behaviours like drug use and alcoholism that spill over to the communities from the mine workforce [ 12, 13]. Refugees from Tenbeba village at Treguine refugee camp in eastern Chad. Fatna Idriss Adam is first on the left in the front row. Photograph: Gethin Chamberlain If you do nothing, you will be auto-enrolled in our premium digital monthly subscription plan and retain complete access for 65 € per month. Women were mine workers, but they were also responsible for their households, contributing as well to the income of their families and to their struggles. In this Special Theme, we present three different case studies (from Bolivia in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, Spain, and Greece between 1860 and 1940) that illuminate the variety of women's experience in the mines and the shaping of gender relations. The first study analyses silver production in Potosí during Spanish rule, when women did not work underground but did play a crucial role in surface activities. The second scrutinizes women's work in the mines in Spain much later, while the third focuses much more on how gender relations shaped the whole industry. Although in mining communities, women and girls had limited options for paid work outside the home, Footnote 126 they managed the family budget or contributed to the family income through many informal activities. Invisible women's labour in the mines and in mining areas tended to take the form of informal paid or unpaid activities (such as taking in lodgers, taking in laundry, baking bread, sewing, being engaged in small-scale subsistence agriculture). Footnote 127 Women's contribution to family income was extremely important in times of crisis, illness, or unemployment. In the case of the Sardinian mines in 1940s and 1950s, women could contribute to the family's income through their waged work in the mines and by helping to buy the land on which to build the family house. Footnote 128 In South Africa's coal-mining areas, women were responsible for agricultural production and diverse forms of reproduction (from preparing food to selling sex). Footnote 129 The prostitution that developed in mining regions and company towns in diverse national and colonial contexts from the mid-nineteenth century seems a permanent and complex phenomenon of capitalist development. Footnote 130

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Mineral Resources are estimated at a cut-off grade of 2.60 g/t Au at Joe Mann, 1.3% Cu at Corner Bay and 1.2% Cu at Devlin. Semi-mechanised gold mining in eastern Chad, June 2016. Photograph: Jerome Tubiana/Small Arms Survey